Nutrition Guideline for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Foods to Eat and Avoid

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder that leads to muscle degeneration and weakness. While there’s no specific diet to cure DMD, maintaining proper nutrition is essential for managing symptoms, promoting overall health, and managing complications such as obesity, cardiovascular health, and digestive issues that can arise with the condition. Here’s a breakdown of foods to eat and avoid:

Developing a well-balanced food scheme

While there isn’t a specific DMD diet, there are certain key factors to bear in mind while developing a diet for someone with DMD.

• People with DMD will have changing dietary and nutritional requirements over time; these should be regularly evaluated. Generally speaking, those with DMD should routinely see a dietician.

• People with DMD usually burn less calories when strength is reduced and they get less mobile. This means that daily calorie requirements could have to change overall.

• Most DMD sufferers receive steroid treatment to help to slow down the course of their condition. Long-term use can cause negative effects including weight gain, altered sugar processing by the body, and bone fragility. For muscular dystrophy, a main objective of nutrition is controlling the negative effects of long-term corticosteroid treatment.

• Many people with DMD also suffer with constipation and gastrointestinal problems including acid reflux, sometimes known as stomach trouble. Managing these issues can depend much on changes in nutrition.

• Later phases of the disease can cause jaw and throat muscular weakening, which would make swallowing and chewing more difficult. This could stop DMD sufferers from acquiring enough nutrients and call for dietary changes including food texture modification—that is, softer or pureed foods. Less often required are medical treatments like feeding tubes.

What should a DMD patient eat?

1. Protein-Rich Foods: Protein is crucial for muscle repair and maintenance. Aim for lean sources like:
   • Chicken, turkey, lean beef
   • Fish (salmon, tuna, etc.)
   • Eggs
   • Legumes (beans, lentils)
   • Tofu, tempeh, and other soy products
2. Healthy Fats: Essential fats are important for cell structure, brain health, and energy.
   • Avocados
   • Olive oil and other plant-based oils (such as flaxseed oil)
   • Nuts and seeds (walnuts, almonds, chia seeds)
   • Fatty fish (salmon, sardines, mackerel)
3. Whole Grains: Whole grains provide energy and fiber.
   • Brown rice, quinoa, and oats
   • Whole-wheat pasta and bread
   • Barley, buckwheat, and farro
4. Fruits and Vegetables: Rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, these foods help reduce inflammation and support overall health.
   • Leafy greens (spinach, kale, broccoli)
   • Berries, apples, citrus fruits
   • Carrots, bell peppers, and tomatoes
5. Calcium-Rich Foods: People with DMD are at risk for bone thinning, so it’s important to include calcium-rich foods.
   • Dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt)
   • Fortified plant-based milks (almond, soy)
   • Leafy greens (collard greens, broccoli)
   • Tofu and fortified cereals
6. Hydration: Staying hydrated is key for overall health.
   • Water, herbal teas, and low-sugar drinks
   • Fresh fruit juices (in moderation)

What should a DMD patient avoid eating?

1. Processed Foods: High in salt, unhealthy fats, and sugars, processed foods can contribute to weight gain, inflammation, and other health problems.
   • Fast food, fried food, packaged snacks
   • Sugary drinks (sodas, energy drinks)
   • Pre-packaged convenience meals
2. Excessive Salt: High sodium intake can contribute to hypertension and other cardiovascular issues, which are common in DMD.
   • Limit processed meats (bacon, sausages, deli meats)
   • Avoid adding extra salt to meals
   • Be cautious of high-sodium canned or frozen foods
3. Refined Carbohydrates: Foods high in refined sugars and flour can lead to weight gain and other metabolic issues.
   • White bread, pastries, and other baked goods made with white flour
   • Sugary snacks and desserts
   • Candy, sweetened cereals, and sugary drinks
4. Saturated and Trans Fats: These fats contribute to heart disease and weight gain.
   • Limit red meat and fatty cuts of meat
   • Avoid margarine and processed oils high in trans fats
   • Fried foods, fast food, and snacks made with unhealthy oils
5. Alcohol: Alcohol can negatively affect muscle function and interact with medications that may be prescribed for DMD.

Additional Considerations: What is the best diet for DMD?

• Weight Management: Due to reduced physical activity and mobility, individuals with DMD may be at higher risk for obesity. A balanced diet with controlled portions, regular monitoring of weight, and possibly consulting with a dietitian are essential.
• Supplements: Some individuals with DMD may need vitamin D, calcium, or other specific supplements, especially if they have trouble absorbing nutrients or maintaining bone health.
• Consult a Specialist: It’s important for individuals with DMD to consult with healthcare professionals, including dietitians, to tailor their diet to their specific needs and health status.

A well-balanced diet focusing on maintaining muscle function, heart health, and bone strength, combined with a proper treatment plan, can help improve quality of life for those living with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

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