{"id":3933,"date":"2026-04-14T16:34:03","date_gmt":"2026-04-14T13:34:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/?p=3933"},"modified":"2026-04-14T16:51:16","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T13:51:16","slug":"nucleotide-in-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/nucleotide-in-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921: \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong> \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 (\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u2014\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/h2><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#what-is-a-nucleotide\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#the-role-of-nucleotides-in-dmd\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-nucleotide-mutations-cause-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#frameshift-mutations-and-their-impact\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#reading-frame-rule-duchenne-vs-becker\">\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e: \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#molecular-mechanisms-behind-dmd\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#exons-introns-and-nucleotide-organization\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#therapeutic-approaches-targeting-nucleotides\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#why-understanding-nucleotides-matters-for-families\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948?<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#future-research-directions\">\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions-faq\">\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 (FAQ)<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#faq-question-1776171481304\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#faq-question-1776171503171\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#faq-question-1776171518899\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 (\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#faq-question-1776171525903\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#faq-question-1776171536792\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#academic-sources-and-references\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-a-nucleotide\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"basic-structure-of-a-nucleotide\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 (\u090f\u0921\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0928, \u0925\u093e\u0907\u092e\u093f\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0928, \u0917\u0941\u0906\u0928\u093f\u0928)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930\u093e (\u0921\u0940\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0947\u091f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u092f\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dna-as-a-language\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0949\u0928) \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0928\u094b \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921\" class=\"wp-image-7559\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-747x420.jpg 747w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-696x392.jpg 696w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-1068x601.jpg 1068w, https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Nucleotide-in-Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-role-of-nucleotides-in-dmd\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-nucleotide-sequences-control-protein-production\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong> \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-dystrophin-protein-and-its-importance\">\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-nucleotide-mutations-cause-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"types-of-nucleotide-mutations-in-dmd\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-deletions\">1. \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0917\u093e\u092f\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-duplications\">2. \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-point-mutations\">3. \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902: <a href=\"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/types-of-genetic-variants-in-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frameshift-mutations-and-their-impact\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928-\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"reading-frame-rule-duchenne-vs-becker\">\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e: \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"out-of-frame-mutations\">\u0906\u0909\u091f-\u0911\u092b-\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/genetic-causes-of-duchenne-muscular-dystrophy\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1429\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"in-frame-mutations\">\u0907\u0928-\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/becker-muscular-dystrophy-bmd\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4900\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923: \u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"molecular-mechanisms-behind-dmd\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"transcription-and-translation\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"nonsense-mutations\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"exons-introns-and-nucleotide-organization\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-are-exons\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-exons-matter-in-dmd\">\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0915\u0908 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"therapeutic-approaches-targeting-nucleotides\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"exon-skipping-therapy\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u094b &quot;\u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947&quot; \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0911\u0932\u093f\u0917\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"nonsense-mutation-readthrough\">\u0928\u0949\u0928\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0925\u094d\u0930\u0942<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0926\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"gene-editing\">\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CRISPR \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f DNA \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-understanding-nucleotides-matters-for-families\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"early-diagnosis\">\u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"personalized-medicine\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"future-research-directions\">\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rna-based-therapies\">\u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0928\u090f \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"precision-medicine\">\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions-faq\">\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 (FAQ)<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list\">\n<div id=\"faq-question-1776171481304\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 (\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940) \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947-\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1776171503171\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1776171518899\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 (\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u0906\u092a DMD Warrior \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u091c\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902: <a href=\"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/tr\/duchenne-exon-deletion-tool\/\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u0942\u0932<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1776171525903\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-1776171536792\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer\">\n\n<p>\u091c\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0902, \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0925\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0921\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u092a-\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0949\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0925\u094d\u0930\u0942 \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/strong> \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0926 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"academic-sources-and-references\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\ud83e\uddec-foundational-dmd-genetics-studies\">\ud83e\uddec \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 DMD \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0940. \u0939\u0949\u092b\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u091f \u0905\u0932. (1987).<br><em>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928: \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0964.<\/em><br><strong>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0092867487905794\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/a><\/em><br>\ud83d\udc49 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0928\u093f\u0917 \u090f\u091f \u0905\u0932. (1987).<br><em>\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 (\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940) \u0938\u0940\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u0964.<\/em><br><strong>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3607877\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature<\/a><\/em><br>\ud83d\udc49 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\ud83e\uddec-mutation-mechanisms-nucleotide-level-changes\">\ud83e\uddec \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0928\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e-\u0930\u0938 \u090f\u091f \u0905\u0932\u0964 (2016)\u0964.<br><em>\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964.<\/em><br><strong>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26754139\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0926 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0947\u091f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/a><\/em><br>\ud83d\udc49 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928, \u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u092e. \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0917\u0928 (2014)\u0964.<br><em>\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940\u0964.<\/em><br><strong>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25037084\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930<\/a><\/em><br>\ud83d\udc49 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0949\u0928\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\ud83e\uddec-reading-frame-rule-disease-severity\">\ud83e\uddec \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"5\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u0928-\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091f\u092b\u093c\u0930\u0940-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u090f\u091f \u0905\u0932. (2009).<br><em>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a-\u092b\u0947\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964.<\/em><br><strong>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong> <em>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/em><br>\ud83d\udc49 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"\ud83d\udc8a-therapeutic-approaches-targeting-nucleotides\">\ud83d\udc8a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"6\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0941\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e-\u0930\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0928 \u0913\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0928 (2007)\u0964.<br><em>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938-\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917: \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964.<\/em><br><strong>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong> <em>\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/em><br>\ud83d\udc49 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0902\u091f\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u091f \u0905\u0932\u0964 (2019)\u0964.<br><em>\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940: \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964.<\/em><br><strong>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong> <em>\u0926 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0947\u091f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/em><br>\ud83d\udc49 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Understanding the nucleotide in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is essential for grasping how this severe genetic disorder develops at the molecular level. The role of nucleotides in DMD goes far beyond simple DNA structure\u2014they directly influence how the dystrophin protein is produced, or fails to be produced. In Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), even small nucleotide alterations [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7560,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[351,676,678,677,675],"class_list":["post-3933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-dmd","tag-dna","tag-dna-sequence","tag-frameshift-mutation","tag-genetic-mutation","tag-nucleotide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3933","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3933"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3933\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7560"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3933"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3933"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dmdwarrior.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3933"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}